Simulate models¶
cameo uses and extends the model data structures defined by cobrapy, our favorite COnstraints-Based Reconstruction and Analysis tool for Python. cameo is thus 100% compatible with cobrapy. For efficiency reasons, however, cameo implements its own simulation methods that take advantage of a more advanced solver interface.
Primer: Constraint-Based Modeling¶
Constraint-based modeling is a powerful modeling framework for analyzing metabolism on the genome scale (McCloskey et al., 2013). For a model that encompasses \(n\) reactions that involve \(m\) metabolites, \(\mathbf{S}\) is a matrix of dimension \(m \times n\) that encodes the stoichiometry of the metabolic reaction system; it is usually referred to as stoichiometric matrix. Assuming that the system is in a steady state—the concentration of metabolites are constant—the system of flux-balances can be formulated as
where \(\mathbf{v}\) is the vector of flux rates. With the addition of a biologically meaningful objective, flux capacity constraints, information about the reversibility of reactions under physiological conditions, an optimization problem can be formulated that can easily be solved using linear programming.
, e.g., maximimization of biomass production,Given the maximization of growth rate as one potential biological objective \(v_{biomass}\), i.e., the flux of an artificial reaction that consumes biomass components in empirically determined proportions, and assuming that the cell is evolutionary optimized to achieve that objective, and incorporating knowledge about reaction reversibility, uptake and secretion rates, and maximum flux capacities in the form of lower and uppers bounds (\(\mathbf{v}_{lb}\) and \(\mathbf{v}_{ub}\)) on the flux variables \(\mathbf{v}\), one can formulate and solve an optimization problem to identify an optimal set of flux rates using flux balance analysis (FBA):
Flux Balance Analysis¶
Load a model.
from cameo import load_model
model = load_model('iJO1366')
In cameo, flux balance analysis can be performed with the function
fba.
from cameo import fba
%time fba_result = fba(model)
CPU times: user 348 ms, sys: 5.36 ms, total: 353 ms
Wall time: 378 ms
Basically, fba calls model.solve() and wraps the optimization
solution in a FluxDistributionResult object. The maximum objective
values (corresponding to a maximum growth rate) can obtained throug
result.objective_value.
fba_result.data_frame
| flux | |
|---|---|
| DM_4crsol_c | 0.000219 |
| DM_5drib_c | 0.000221 |
| DM_aacald_c | 0.000000 |
| DM_amob_c | 0.000002 |
| DM_mththf_c | 0.000440 |
| DM_oxam_c | 0.000000 |
| BIOMASS_Ec_iJO1366_WT_53p95M | 0.000000 |
| ... | ... |
| XYLt2pp | 0.000000 |
| XYLtex | 0.000000 |
| ZN2abcpp | 0.000000 |
| ZN2t3pp | 0.000000 |
| ZN2tpp | 0.000335 |
| ZNabcpp | 0.000000 |
| Zn2tex | 0.000335 |
2583 rows × 1 columns
Flux distributions can be visualized using *escher* :
fba_result.display_on_map("iJO1366.Central metabolism")
Parsimonious Flux Balance Analysis¶
Parsimonious flux balance analysis (Lewis et al., 2010), a variant of FBA, performs FBA in in a first step to determine the maximum objective value \(Z_{obj}\), fixes it in form of an additional model constraint (\(\mathbf{c}^{T} \mathbf{v} \ge Z_{obj}\)), and then minimizes in a second optimization the \(L_1\) norm of \(\mathbf{v}\). The assumption behind pFBA is that cells try to minimize flux magnitude as well in order to keep protein costs low.
In cameo, pFBA can be performed with the function pfba.
from cameo import pfba
%time pfba_result = pfba(model)
CPU times: user 382 ms, sys: 15.3 ms, total: 398 ms
Wall time: 494 ms
The objective_function value is \(\lvert \mathbf{v} \rvert\) ...
pfba_result.objective_value
699.0222751839442
... which is smaller than flux vector of the original FBA solution.
abs(fba_result.data_frame.flux).sum()
701.81777502444379
Setp 2: Simulate knockouts phenotypes¶
Although PFBA and FBA can be used to simulate the effect of knockouts, other methods have been proven more valuable for that task: MOMA and ROOM. In cameo we implement a linear version of MOMA.
Simulating knockouts:
- Manipulate the bounds of the reaction (or use the shorthand method knock_out)
model.reactions.PGI
| Id | PGI |
| Name | Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase |
| Stoichiometry | g6p_c <=> f6p_c |
| Lower bound | -1000.000000 |
| Upper bound | 1000.000000 |
model.reactions.PGI.knock_out()
model.reactions.PGI
| Id | PGI |
| Name | Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase |
| Stoichiometry | g6p_c --> f6p_c |
| Lower bound | 0.000000 |
| Upper bound | 0.000000 |
- Simulate using different methods:
%time fba_knockout_result = fba(model)
fba_knockout_result[model.reactions.BIOMASS_Ec_iJO1366_core_53p95M]
CPU times: user 257 ms, sys: 6.5 ms, total: 264 ms
Wall time: 359 ms
0.9761293262973523
%time pfba_knockout_result = pfba(model)
pfba_knockout_result[model.reactions.BIOMASS_Ec_iJO1366_core_53p95M]
CPU times: user 664 ms, sys: 21.4 ms, total: 685 ms
Wall time: 1.05 s
0.9761293262947272
MOMA and ROOM relly on a reference (wild-type) flux distribution and we can use the one previously computed.
Parsimonious FBA references seem to produce better results using this methods
from cameo.flux_analysis.simulation import room, lmoma
%time lmoma_result = lmoma(model, reference=pfba_result.fluxes)
lmoma_result[model.reactions.BIOMASS_Ec_iJO1366_core_53p95M]
CPU times: user 8.07 s, sys: 120 ms, total: 8.19 s
Wall time: 8.93 s
0.8724092397035627
ROOM is a dificult computational problem. If the bounds of the system are not large enought, it can take many hours to simulate. To improve the speed of the simulation and the chances of finding a solution, we increase the bounds.
for reaction in model.reactions:
if reaction.upper_bound == 1000:
reaction.upper_bound = 99999999
if reaction.lower_bound == -1000:
reaction.lower_bound = -99999999
%time room_result = room(model, reference=pfba_result.fluxes)
room_result[model.reactions.BIOMASS_Ec_iJO1366_core_53p95M]
CPU times: user 11.5 s, sys: 83 ms, total: 11.6 s
Wall time: 11.8 s
0.8724092397035627
